Reaching Closure - Business Decision Making - ثاني ثانوي

| Lesson 5 Chapter 4 www.ien.edu.sa Reaching Closure Some groups and teams are designed to be ongoing concerns that continue to work together and move from one issue or project to another. Other groups address a particular concern and are disbanded when that problem is solved. In both cases, it is common for the group to artificially prolong a process and not reach closure as efficiently as it could. A team leader needs to provide direction and help the group to develop closure and make necessary decisions. Table 4-4 lists common approaches for groups to make final decisions. case The corpo- rate travel team has met a few times and generated detailed suggestions for providing tours to the business traveler. For the next meeting, you and the other members plan to decide whether to pursue the new business and if so, what approach to take. TABLE 4-4: Group decision methods Method Range voting Majority rule Plurality Description • Members assign scores to multiple options rather than voting for a single choice • Scores indicate level of preference • Option with the highest overall average is selected •Common decision technique • Selects an alternative based on which one has more than half of the votes • The largest block in the group decides the issue • A plurality can be a percentage less than 50% Purpose •Allows people to better express their preferences • Appropriate when group members support several options • Efficient technique when choosing between two alternatives • Less efficient with more than two options; another approach might be more practical This technique is useful when a choice is made from multiple alternatives • Because a decision can be made by a relatively small percentage of a group, people may be less accepting of the outcome وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 95198_book_PP1.indb 109 Essential Elements 1. Use a command style In some settings, a group may examine an issue and develop ideas for it, but the final decisions are left up to a single person. In most cases, this decision maker is a manager, executive, or other administrator. The command approach is the most efficient way to reach closure as there is only one deci- sion maker. However, it is often unpopular with the other participants. People who feel as though their opinions and ideas have little consideration are less committed to the outcome and may harbor negative feelings about the process. Group Decision Making and Problem Solving 109 07/05/2024 10:57

QUICK TIP Consensus doesn't mean allowing someone to set the agenda with an unreasonable demand. 2. Use a consultative approach The consultative approach is similar to a command style in that a leader still makes the final decisions. However, the process is more democratic because the leader actively seeks input and advice from the group before making the decision. Because there is more communication between the leader and the group, ideally the solution reflects contributions from everyone. 3. Use consensus decision making Consensus decision making seeks a solution that most of the group can agree to while trying to resolve any concerns or objections that the minority has. Consensus-based approaches require more time for closure, but tend to have a higher level of commitment from the participants. This is achieved by seeking solutions that the majority can agree to while also taking steps to modify or remove objectionable features of any decisions. See Figure 4-7. FIGURE 4-7: Reaching closure through consensus Discussion No Proposal Test for consensus Modify proposal Yes Concerns raised Stand aside Consensus achieved Block Action points QUICK TIP Strengthen a plurality vote by using several rounds. Eliminate options with the least support and vote again. 4. Select appropriate voting methods In all but the most authoritative groups, members signal their intent and preferences for different options through some form of voting. A group can select one of several voting methods according to what is most appropriate for the problem or project. See Table 4-4. 110 4 Chapter رة ا Ministry of Education 2024-1446 Business Decision Making S1 S2 S3.indb 110 30/06/2023 14:28

YOU TRY IT Practice reaching closure by reviewing a decision and choosing how to reach closure. Complete the following steps. 1. Get ready The travel company you're working at is deciding whether to open a new department dedicated to business travel. This department would coordinate travel arrangements for corporate travelers, focusing on special tours such as employee incentive trips, executive retreats, and conference and event tours. During a meeting, the company corporate travel team will determine whether to recommend creating the new business travel department or not. Some members of the team want to create the new department, others do not want to create the new department, and a few are undecided. 2. Now you try it REVIEW QUESTIONS Describe how you would reach closure during the meeting. 1. A team leader who actively seeks advice from the group before making a decision is using: a. a consultative approach b. a command style c. consensus decision making d. an active advice approach 2. When is majority rule an efficient decision-making technique? a. When using a command style b. When group members support several options c. When choosing between two alternatives d. With small groups وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 Business Decision Making S1 S2 S3.indb 111 Group Decision Making and Problem Solving 111 30/06/2023 14:28