Lesson IoT Application Areas - Internet of Things - ثاني ثانوي

168 5. IoT Advanced Applications In this unit, you will learn about the implementation of loT solutions in the healthcare industry as well as in the agricultural sector. Also, you will learn about loT architectures, and you will explore different networking protocols. Finally, you will explore the concepts of security and privacy in loT systems. Learning Objectives In this unit, you will learn to: > Describe how loT technologies are used in the Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT). > Identify different smart healthcare applications. > Describe how loT technologies can improve the agriculture sector. > Classify the oneMZM IoT architecture layers. > Clarify the functionality of the loT World Forum architecture layers. > Identify the main characteristics of NFC and RFID technologies. > Define the technologies and the protocols that are used in Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANS). > Identify the 5G network security challenges in IoT systems. > Describe the loT privacy concerns and their possible solutions.

Lesson 1 IoT Application Areas Link to In the previous loT 1-1 book, you learned about the fundamental concepts behind the Internet of Things (IoT) and how it is an integral part of emerging technologies. You also learned some basic applications that use loT technology. Now you will extend your previous knowledge by learning new loT applications. Smart Healthcare The implementation of lot in the healthcare industry has a significant impact on society. IoT devices, such as wearable sensors, provide remote health monitoring, emergency alerts, and human well-being systems. In addition to monitoring health metrics, health-tracking gadgets include innovative wearable technologies that enhance the quality of life. From the observation of pediatric patients to the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic illnesses in the elderly, effective healthcare services can be provided for all ages. The Evolution of Healthcare The rapid population rise creates new challenges that can be solved with smart healthcare. Smart healthcare refers to the application of technology to improve the quality of life. Due to the absence of digital-era knowledge among healthcare workers, the transition to smart healthcare is slow. However, governments and private institutions are investing in the integration of technologies to improve the healthcare system. Traditionally, a patient would visit a doctor, a local medical center, or a hospital when needed. Smart healthcare helps patients to handle certain emergency circumstances independently. The focus on individual healthcare has shifted from traditional hospital treatment to smart home care. With the use of loT devices, smart healthcare delivers remote health monitoring, emergency alerts, cost-effective treatment, and the availability of medical services regardless of location. These health monitoring devices range from fitness trackers that measure health metrics to sophisticated wearable technologies that collect many metrics. Heartbeat sensor Deas o Access point رارت التعليم Emergency alert monitoring Internet www.len.edu. Tig Monzoning health meanies 169

Internet of Healthcare Things The Internet of Healthcare Things (IoHT) is an IoT-based solution that uses loT technologies to link people with various healthcare services. Specialized physicians can remotely review medical reports and records and provide recommendations without being in the same location as the patient. IoHT consists of networked medical imaging, lab reports, and remote healthcare monitoring devices. Medical imaging could be X-ray, MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) scan, computerized tomography (CT) scan, and other types of imaging. It also provides emergency services comparable to smart ambulances or smart clinics. Wearables Wearables are smart objects placed on the human body. Wearable medical devices can gather, store, process, and analyze data to provide the required feedback and send alerts in emergency scenarios. The primary users are patients with temporary or permanent disabilities, the elderly, and babies. Biosensors on the patient's clothing capture data and produce a digital electrical output that can be utilized to monitor their health indicators. A biosensor is a small analytical instrument combined with a biological component to recognize events. Sensors and actuators differ based on the monitoring systems. They can collect and transmit data, such as bio-signals, body temperature, oxygen saturation level (Pulse Oximetry), and movements, and geographics location. There are many bio-signals generated from the body such as: electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and Electromyography (EMG). Attached sensors can monitor physiological or biomechanical parameters, such as heart rate and muscle activity, respiration, body temperature, blood pressure, position, motion, and acceleration. The output of smart sensors and loT devices is typically complex, necessitating the application of artificial intelligence, data analytics, and other technologies such as cloud computing. Body Sensor Network A Body Sensor Network (BSN) is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) used for human body monitoring. It is a wearable sensor node network that can communicate with other nodes and smart objects. These sensor nodes have computing, storage, wireless transmission, and sensing capabilities. As shown in figure 5.2, a blood flow sensor sends a patient's blood flow data to a smart device. This device is connected to the Internet and sends these data to the Smart Hospital. Even though BSN-based systems have a wide variety of applications, they can be used for continuous and non-invasive monitoring of vital signs, as tiny wireless sensors are placed on the skin and, in some cases, embedded in the clothing. This facilitates early disease identification and diagnosis. Typically, these sensors detect data on human body movement, body temperature, heart rate, skin conductance, and muscle functions. Electroencephalogram (EEG) An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a diagnostic tool to identify brain electrical activity abnormalities. Blood flow sensor ليم Smart Hospital Internet 2173-1465 Access point Device Figure 52: Body Sensor Networks connected to loHT networks 170

Smart Healthcare Applications Blood pressure monitoring Variations in the typical rate at which the heart pumps blood are associated with high blood pressure in humans. Hypertension, another term for high blood pressure, is a worldwide health issue caused by elevated blood pressure in the arteries. Chronic hypertension causes many problems, including heart failure, chronic renal disease, and blindness. Smart watches are wearable loT devices that besides, tracking a user's fitness and heart rate, can monitor other metrics like blood pressure and send the data for processing. IoT healthcare systems built on the cloud computing platform have become increasingly popular over time, allowing patients to monitor and control their blood pressure utilizing IoT devices. A Figure S Pain monitoring Pain monitoring www 000 gure 5.3. Blood pressure monning Identifying human emotions and pain is essential for delivering quality care to patients. Direct communication with patients or traditional means of interaction may not be adequate. Primarily youngsters, the elderly, and those with mental illness require this form of engagement. Expressions on the face are a behavioral indicator of pain. Since the feeling of pain generates changes in facial expressions, they can be utilized as an automatic technique for diagnosing human discomfort. Instead of standard self- reporting methods, it can be used for people who cannot self-report, such as intensive care unit patients and infants. Infants' facial expressions are frequently observed by their parents because they convey information about their health. A solution is an automated pain recognition system that uses physiological inputs from loT sensors and data analysis to evaluate different kinds of pain and emotions. Electrocardiogram monitoring Sensors on the skin capture electrical signals caused by heartbeats. Electrodes are typically positioned on the chest when an ECG is used in clinics. However, this setup is not suitable for everyday use at home. There are various smart objects for remote ECG examinations, and hospital doctors can process patient data from Figure 5.5 tidig um these wearable devices. Such an application can be built as a warning system to offer people cardiac health alerts and recommendations. monitoring Electrocardiogram (ECG) An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a test that measures the heart's electrical activity to determine whether the heart is functioning appropriately. Sleep monitoring Sleep is a natural and periodic state of mental and physical rest, but many individuals suffer from sleep disorders. There are various sleep disorders, including insomnia, sleep apnea, and obstructive sleep apnea. Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a potentially fatal respiratory disease during sleep. It impairs quality of life by producing personally and behavioral issues. Countless systems are available for detecting OSA, Ohe solution is wearable in-ear electroencephalography (ear- EEG) connected to the room's loT network. This is a continuous and unobtrusive Fumethod bf 24/7 sleep monitoring that assesses sleep quality. The captured data is used to predict the sleep stages utilizing Al algorithms. 2173-1445 Figure 3.6 Steeo monitoring 171

[72 Figure 57: Parhology Pathology monitoring Pathology is the scientific study of the origins and effects of disease and injury. In an EEG, this is accomplished by attaching small metal disks with thin wires to the scalp which send signals to a computer to store the results. EEG is frequently employed for this purpose because of its low cost and non-invasive nature. EEG can diagnose some brain-related disorders, such as epilepsy and stroke. Patients with these conditions require immediate attention because any delay can be fatal. An IoT system that monitors the patient's condition can be life-saving in such situations. Disabled persons monitoring Smart wheelchairs (SMW) connected to loT systems is a new research topic. The design of these systems consists of two elements: a mapping service used for navigation and a client wheelchair. SMWs incorporate 3D LIDAR for mapping their external environs and autonomous movement without Global Positioning System (GPS). This technology employs both a control architecture for the motorized wheelchair and an embedded system for monitoring critically ill patients. The embedded system also uses the user's biometric characteristics to detect potentially dangerous situations. The wheelchair would generate a warning by activating the alarm upon measuring the heartbeat and blood pressure spikes at a certain interval. Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) is a technique for measuring distances by pointing a laser at an item or surface and measuring the time required for the reflected light to return to the sender. Figure 5 & Douliu muning tx imple A Saudi telecommunication provider has launched the Virtual Clinic. It is used by doctors to make Ful remote diagnoses for their patients. These services use loT networking systems through wearables to help doctors collect the necessary data which is distributed to local hospitals and medical centers.

Smart Agriculture In the previous unit, you took your first steps in smart agriculture by building a Plant Watering System. The agricultural sector can improve and optimize most workflows by utilizing many loT technologies. The implementation of the loT in today's agricultural sector has particular advantages, such as the efficient use of resources like land, water, fertilizers, and pesticides; an improvement in profitability, sustainability, food safety, and environmental protection; and a decrease in production costs. leure 5.9: Smart Agriculture with UAVs Smart Agriculture Applications Precision farming Precision farming refers to watering plants per their location and water amount requirements. This type of farming requires data from many sensors, such as plant location, humidity, and surface temperatures which may be obtained largely by aerial monitoring. Remote-controlled aircraft, often known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones, have gained popularity for aerial monitoring. Over the past years, UAVs have been utilized extensively for tracking cultivated fields and providing effective precision agriculture solutions. Using remote sensing, it is possible to follow a variety of crop and vegetation metrics using images of varying wavelengths. Historically, remote sensing relied heavily on satellite imagery. UAV systems have proven effective in various precision farming applications, including pesticide, water deficit recognition, and disease identification. Numerous decisions can be made based on the data captured by the UAV for estimating yield in order to fix the identified problem and maximize production. The role of UAVs is to capture data with precise spatial details. Many sensors are used depending on the agricultural parameters that must be monitored. UAV sensors must meet three essential requirements: low energy consumption, light weight, and small size. These techniques create environment maps that depict the soil morphology, allowing for more efficient irrigation planning for each crop. Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies are widely utilized to assist in the localization and georeferencing of objects captured by remote sensing. Since remote sensing Ful information is a rich source of environmental data, it is usually imported into Geographic Information Systems (GISS) and -combined with other datasets. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are alrcrafts without human pilots, crew, or passengers. Low energy Light weight Small size Figure S10 UAV essential requirements 173

Table 5.1: Important types of sensors used by UAVS Sensor Type Description Visible Light Sensors It can take Images in various conditions, including sunny and cloudy weather However, the quality of the photos depends on light conditions. Thermal Infrared Sensors Infrared thermal sensors measure surface temperatures. Using Infrared Sensors and an optical lens, thermal cameras collect infrared energy Thermal imaging cameras focus and detect radiation at the same wavelengths transforming it into grayscale images representing heat. Multiple thermal Imaging sensor can create a colored image Multispectral Imaging Sensors Mulhspectral sensors collect visible wavelengths as well as wavelengths that fall outside the visible spectrum, including near-infrared radiation (NIR), short-wave infrared radiation (SWIR) and others.. UAVs with multispectral or hyperspectral sensors collect crop absorption of water information. Despite their increased cost, spectral data can be quite valuable for evaluating many biological and physical characteristics of crops. Precision irrigation Precision irrigation is a micro-irrigation technique that conserves nutrients and optimizes water required by plants. It slowly provides plant roots with water droplets below or above the surface. Crop productivity is increased by adopting precision irrigation loT technologies. The installed sensors identify or read the physical and chemical aspects of the farmland, including the weather, temperature, humidity, plant health soil moisture, soil acidity, and soil nutrients. The talected data are analyzed to inform farmers of the necessary adjustments. Data analysis assists in determining the appropriate nutrients and their quantities, as well as the water needed for irrigation. Figure 5.11 Precision Mrigallon application

Vertical farming Vertical farming is the cultivation of plants at a vertical scale, not a horizontal one. Only a small area is needed for a crop to thrive, and multiple types of crops can be cultivated concurrently. Using IoT technologies, devices may be remotely handled using communication technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and RFID. Vertical farming is typically meant to cultivate crops in urban environments. An indoor vertical farming system has a perfect climate and no external environmental concerns. IoT technologies are crucial for the farming environment and the plant health monitoring and watering. Vertical farming necessitates the processing and analysis of vast amounts of data for crops to develop effectively. With vertical farming, agricultural productivity can be optimized with technical assistance, such as automating the entire process from seed to harvest in an enclosed environment. Example Figure 512 vertical farming application The NEOM mega-city project in KSA is planned to be a vertical city that will utilize breakthrough technologies to solve the problems of pollution, transportation, and food sustainability. It will consist of two structures that are 500 meters tall, built 200 meters apart, and run in parallel for 170 kilometers. The area in between will host the advanced vertical city. NEOM aims to create the first integrated desert food self-sufficiency system. With scarce water availability, smart agriculture systems are needed to create self-sufficient communities. Circular agriculture and vertical farming techniques are enhanced by loT and Al technologies to optimize the use of resources and enhance agricultural production. You can learn more about the Line in NEOM from here: https://www.neom.com/ar-sa/about وزارة التعليم 2173-145 175

176 Exercises 1 Read the sentences and tick True or False. 1. IoT technologies have not enhanced the healthcare industry. 2. The Internet of Healthcare Things is an extension of the Internet of Things. 3. All wearable medical devices are constantly connected to the Internet. 4. Body sensor networks can be autonomous lot systems. 5. A smart wheelchair includes an embedded system which uses the user's biometric characteristics to detect potentially dangerous situations. 6. UAVs can perform only one type of scan across an agricultural area. 7. Thermal Infrared Sensors detect radiation of radiant heat. 8. Precision irrigation is used to optimize the usage of the resources needed for an agricultural system. 9. Precision Irrigation does not need a lot of sensors to be effective. 10. Vertical farming is used to optimize area usage. 2 Define what the Internet of Healthcare Things is. وزارة التعليم True False

3 Distinguish what data types can be collected by wearable smart objects 4 Describe what a Body Sensor Network is comprised of. 5 Analyze how Al solutions can be used for loHT solutions for pain monitoring. وزارة التعليم 1-1445

178 6 Describe how UAVs are used for precision farming IoT solutions. 7 Classify the various types of UAV sensors. مرارة التعليم

8 Describe how loT systems enable precision irrigation applications. 9 Analyze how vertical farming is dependent on effective loT solutions. وزارة التعليم E