Troubleshooting and Measurements - Engineering - ثاني ثانوي

6 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024 -1446 What limitations do you observe when using Tinkercad Circuits? 133

Lesson 2 Troubleshooting and Measurements Link to digital lesson www.ien.edu.sa To begin, we will build a circuit that includes a power source, an LED, and a pushbutton. Let us examine how the pushbutton works. The Pushbutton The pushbutton serves as a temporary connection. It has a large circle in the center that closes the circuit. There are four connectors on the pushbutton. Each corner of the button has a connector. Looking at the underside, we can see that the left and right connectors are actually two wires. There is one wire on each side of the button. Looking at the pushbutton from the front, we can see that it hovers over the two wires with a spring. The spring is not visible in the illustration. Electric current cannot flow through the circuit when the pushbutton is above the wires. In the illustration, the electric current is represented by the red dashed arrow pointing up. ] } The circuit closes when the pushbutton is pressed, and current flows from one side of the pushbutton to the other. Looking from the side, when we connect a circuit to the ends of one wire on one side of the switch, that wire inside the switch allows current to flow even when the button is not pressed. When connecting components, we must ensure that they are connected to opposing sides of the switch. As shown in the illustration on the right, a connection can be made at diagonally opposite ends. A connection can also be made at neighboring opposite ends, as shown in the image on the left. It is critical to connect the correct ends of the pushbutton to ensure that the circuit works properly. A pushbutton on a circuit is typically used to open and close the circuit. We will use the same circuit as in the previous lesson, but this time we will add a pushbutton. This is the previous lesson's circuit: وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 134 2024-1446 AA 1.5V Figure 4.17: Circuit with battery and LED

To add a pushbutton to the circuit: > On the components panel, click Pushbutton. 1 > Click and place the pushbutton on the breadboard so that one end is in Row f, and the other end is in Row e. ② Exercise1 1.5V + 44 Pushbutton Name 2 + fghij e 2 Figure 4.18: Add a pushbutton to the circuit All changes saved Start Simulation Send To S KA Code Components Basic Search LED 1 Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch 9V The diagonal terminals in this switch represent the switch's opposite ends. This indicates that current will flow from e5 to f3. The pushbutton will be included in the closed circuit. Placing the pushbutton on f3, one end of the connector forms part of our closed circuit. Keep in mind that everything in a numbered column is linked. This means that the pushbutton is wired to one end of the LED and the jumper wire running from j3 is wired to the negative rail. We must move the jumper wire from the positive terminal to the opposite side of the pushbutton. This will complete the circuit. وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 135

To delete a wire using the keyboard: > Click on the positive terminal jump wire to select it. ① > Press Delete or Backspace Exercise1 1.5V + وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 136 2024-1446 Exercise 1 and the wire will be deleted. 2 All changes saved 44 Code Start Simulation Send To 1.5V + fghij cde f g i j 1 8 2 Figure 4.19: Delete a wire using the keyboard All changes saved 非 K7 Code Start Simulation Send To 2 8 9 ZL-> LL EL-> 14 115

وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 The positive connection has to be made on the other side of the button. Both sides of the breadboard have positive and negative rails. We will connect the positive end of our battery to the other side of the breadboard. To detach and move a wire: > Click on the positive terminal wire to select it. 1 > Move the mouse pointer to the end of the wire that is connected to the breadboard and when a white dot appears, click on it to detach the wire. 2 > Click and drag to place the end of the wire on the other side of the breadboard and connect it to the positive rail. 3 Exercise1 {0 1.5V + Exercise1 1.5V + 1 bcde bcde fghi 4 All changes saved K7 Code Start Simulation fghij 2 4 6 EL- All changes saved Code 0 Start Simulation Send To 14 15 137 Send To

Exercise 1 AA 1.5V + 44 bcde 3 All changes saved Code Start Simulation Send To Next we have to connect the anode on the LED with the positive connection of the electric current flow, so that the LED turns ON. وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 138 2024-1446 Exercise1 O AA 1.5V + Figure 4.20: Detach and move a wire All changes saved K7 Code Start Simulation Send To 225 225

Troubleshooting Circuit simulation is a technique where we simulate the behavior of an electronic circuit or a whole system with the assistance of a software application. New designs can be tested, evaluated and diagnosed without physically constructing the circuit. Through simulation, we can also troubleshoot and gather data before building a real prototype with electronic components. This allows the engineer to determine the correctness and efficiency of a design beforehand. The engineer may also explore alternative designs without using any physical components, at no cost and much faster than with a real prototype. There is an infinite quantity of simulated components available to build and test alternative designs. Like other electronic circuits, LED circuits are very sensitive to current. An LED burns out if more current flows than its rated current, for example 20mA. An appropriate resistor must be used to protect the LEDs, or the whole circuit, from burning out. Tinkercad Circuits shows you if more than the rated current flows through the circuit elements when you run the simulation. The program alerts you by showing a red star on top of the component that has a problem. + 9V Figure 4.21: Simulation with a current issue وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 Hover over the red star for an explanation of the problem. Current through the LED is 915 mA, while absolute maximum is 20.0 mA. 139

Now let's go back to the electronic circuit that we have constructed with a battery, an LED and a pushbutton. We want to test if the circuit works properly. When we simulate the circuit and press the pushbutton, we observe that the LED does not light up. AD Exercise1 AA 1.5V + All changes saved 非 Simulator time: 00:00:07 K7 Code Stop Simulation Send To abcde fghij 732 Figure 4.22: Circuit with a component connected inaccurately The circuit is not working properly. We have to connect the anode on the LED to the positive connection of the electric current flow. We cannot move components while the simulation is running. وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 140 2024-1446

To modify and test the operation of a circuit: > Click Stop Simulation. 1 > Move the LED to Column 2. 2 > Click once on the jumper wire and move one end so it connects to the cathode of the LED. 3 > Click Start Simulation. 4 > Press the pushbutton. 5 > Check that the LED remains lit while the pushbutton is pressed. 6 > Release the pushbutton and the LED will turn OFF. 7 Exercise وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 CAD Exercise1 AA 1.5V AA 1.5V All changes saved 非 < Code Stop Simulation Send To 1 14 3 2 All changes saved 0 Code Start Simulation Sand To All changes saved C Code Start Simulation Send To 4 78910111 PED 141

وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 142 2024-1446 Exercise1 Exercise1 <] 9 AA 1.5V + O AA 1.5V + All changes saved Simulator time: 00:00:03 <Code 6 de 232 5 Stop Simulation Send To All changes saved 4 Simulator time: 00:09:49 Code Stop Simulation Send To 7 234 Figure 4.23: Modify and test the operation of a circuit

Circuits with Resistors In this part of the lesson, we will create two identical circuits in the same workspace of Tinkercad Circuits: one without the breadboard and one with the breadboard. We will use these circuits later in the lesson to gain a better understanding of current, resistance and voltage. In both cases, we will build a simple LED circuit with a battery, an LED and a resistor. First we will design an LED circuit without the breadboard. We have to go to the Tinkercad dashboard by clicking on the Tinkercad logo, and create a new circuit. Create a new circuit: > From the components panel, click on Resistor, 1 and place it on the workplane. 2 > From the inspector panel of the resistor set the Resistance to 470.3 > Click on the LED, 4 and place it on the workplane. 5 > Click on the 1.5V Battery, 6 and place it on the workplane. 7 > From the inspector panel, of the 1.5V Battery, set the Count to 2 batteries to supply the circuit with 3V. 8 > Wire up the circuit, 9 and start the simulation. The circuit has a 3V battery, and an LED with a forward voltage (voltage drop) of approximately 2.06V. The LED's ideal forward current is 20mA. To calculate the resistor value in ohms, we use the formula R = (Vsource - Vdrop) / Iforward which tell us that the resistance has to be 479. Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 D 2 All changes saved </Code Start Simulation Send To 4D Resistor Components Basic Name 1 Search 3 Resistance 47 1 <--> Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch A6 143

Exercise 1 ↑ CAD Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 144 2024-1446 {0}] O LED All changes saved 非 K7 Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Name 1 5 Search Color Red 4 7 AA 1.5V + 4 Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch All changes saved KCode Start Simulation Send To 1.5V Battery Components Basic Name 1 Search Count 1 battery Type AA Built-in Switch no Capacitor Slideswitch > 9V Battery Coin Cell 3V Battery 6 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small micro:bit Arduino Uno R3

Exercise 1 Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 9 AA 1.5V AA 1.5V AA 1.5V AA 1.5V 1.5V Battery Name 1 Count 2 batteries Type AA Built-in Switch no 8 All changes saved <Code 1 Start Simulation All changes saved > Components Basic Search Send To Capacitor Slideswitch 9V Battery Coin Cell 3V Battery 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small micro:bit Arduino Uno R3 Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search Сарасто Slideswitch > 9V Battery Coin Cell SV Battery 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small micro:bit Arduino Uno R3 AA 1.5V AA 1.5V Figure 4.25: Create a new circuit 145

To continue, we will design an LED circuit on a breadboard. Go to the Tinkercad dashboard by clicking on the Tinkercad logo, and create a new circuit. Create a new circuit: > From the components panel, click on Breadboard Small, 1 place it on the workplane and rotate it. 2 > Click on Resistor, 3 place it on the breadboard and rotate it. 4 > From the inspector panel of the resistor set the Resistance to 470. 5 > Click on the LED, 6 place it on the breadboard and rotate it. ⑦ > Click on the 1.5V Battery, 8 place it on the workplane, rotate it and from the inspector panel of the 1.5V Battery, set the Count to 2 batteries to supply the circuit with 3V. 9 Exercise 1 From the screen to the lab. After simulating the circuit and testing that everything works as expected, you can implement the circuit with real components. A practical circuit can be implemented on a breadboard to make a prototype for display. The main advantage of the breadboard circuit is that you can easily make modifications, and no soldering is required. However, breadboard connections can become loose very easily, and it is very hard to identify loose connections in a complex circuit. علاقات ليم Ministry of Education 146 2024-1446 2 Breadboard Small Name 1 All changes saved 非 Code Start Simulation Send To > Components Basic Search Capacitor Slideswitch 9V Battery Coin Cell 3V 1 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small micro:bit Arduino Uno R3

Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 - 44 Resistor Name 1 abcde fghij Resistance 47 4 22 -22 23 25 29 Exercise 1 de 23 #24 • 25 26 5 All changes saved 1 <7 Code Start Simulation Send To > Components Basic Search 3 <-10-> Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer 27 Capacitor Slideswitch [0} [100} a b c d e fghij 144 LED Name 1 Color Red 7 21 22 All changes saved < Code Start Simulation Send To > Basic Search 6 Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer 26 26 Capacitor Slideswitch abcd A6 147

Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 148 2024-1446 {0] Exercise 1 101] AA 1.5V Ο 40 1.5V Battery Name 1 Count 1 battery Type AA Built-in Switch no AA 1.5V AA 1.5V All changes saved K Code Start Simulation Send To > 1.5V Battery Name 19 Components Basic Search 8 Battery 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small micro:bit Arduino Uno R3 Vibration Motor DC Motor All changes saved K7 Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search Count 2 batteries Battery Type AA Built-in Switch no > 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small micro:bit Arduino Uno R3 Vibration Motor DC Motor

Now, connect the components of the circuit and start the simulation. Exercise 1 All changes saved 1 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 E a b c d e fghij وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 Exercise 1 [1]} {0 2 5 6 7 8 + AA 1.5V Code Start Simulation Send To All changes saved O Simulator time: 00:00:02 Code Stop Simulation Send To AA 1.5V Figure 4.25: Create a new circuit 149

وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 150 2024-1446 Using a Multimeter Now that we have a working circuit, we can take some measurements with the virtual multimeter of Tinkercad Circuits. Note that the multimeter has three modes. By default, it functions as a voltmeter in voltage mode, which allows us to read the voltages across different components in our circuit. We can easily change the mode of the multimeter by clicking on it to open the inspector panel and selecting a different mode. In current mode it functions as an ammeter, allowing us to read the current flowing through certain points in our circuit. In resistance mode it functions as an ohmmeter, allowing us to read the resistance between certain points in our circuit. To read voltages: > From the components panel, click on the 1.5V Battery, 1 and place it on the workplane. 2 > From the inspector panel of the 1.5V Battery set the Count to 2 batteries to supply the circuit with 3V. 3 > From the components panel, click on the Multimeter, 4 and place it on the workplane. 5 > Wire up the circuit. 6 > Click Start Simulation. 7 Use the Notes tool from the main toolbar to add annotations to a design. The same icon appears in the design and you can drag and drop it onto a component you want to annotate. When you click on the design element, the annotation is anchored and you are prompted to type your note. Exercise 1 2 AA 1.5V All changes saved K7 Code Start Simulation Send To 1.5V Battery Name 1 Components Basic Sea 1 E Count 1 battery Type AA Built-in Switch no > • · . 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small micro:bit Arduino Uno R3 Vibration Motor DC Motor Micro Servo Hobby Gearmotor

Exercise 1 ـوزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 Exercise 1 {0}] m AA 1.5V 5 AA 1.5V AA 1.5V All changes saved 非 44 KA Code Start Simulation Send To 1.5V Battery Components Basic Name 1 Search 3 Count 2 batteries AA 1.5V Type AA Built-in Switch no > 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small micro:bit Arduino Uno R3 Vibration Motor DC Motor Micro Servo Hobby Gearmotor All changes saved 0 4A Multimeter Name 2 < Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search Mode Voltage Diode Photoresistor > Soil Moisture Sensor Ultrasonic Distance Sensor PIR Sensor Piezo 4 TMP 715 Temperature Sensor [TMP361 125.0 mA Multimeter 151 ПФ

KER Exercise 1 44 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 152 2024-1446 Exercise 1 6 + AA 1.5V AA 1.5V AA 1.5V 3.00 V AA 1.5V All changes saved 非 < Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic 7 Search Diode Photoresistor > Soil Moisture Sensor 4 Simulator time: 00:00:03 Figure 4.26: Read voltages Ultrasonic Distance Sensor PIR Sensor Piezo TMP 715 Temperature Sensor TMP361 125.0 mA Multimeter All changes saved 非 Code Stop Simulation Send To Components Basic Search Diode ( Photoresistor > Soil Moisture Sensor Ultrasonic Distance Sensor PIR Sensor Piezo TMP 125.0 mA 715 Temperature Sensor TMP361 Multimeter

We will now read the voltages across various points in our circuit. Let's start by measuring the voltage between the two sides of the resistor. Voltage measurement across the ends of a resistor: > From the components panel, place a 1.5V Battery on the workplane. 1 > From the inspector panel of the 1.5V Battery, set the Count to 2 batteries to supply the circuit with 3V. ② > From the components panel, place a Multimeter on the workplane ③ and rotate it. 4 > From the components panel, place a Resistor on the workplane. > From the inspector panel of the resistor, set the Resistance to 470. 6 > From the components panel, place an LED on the workplane. ⑦ > Wire up the circuit. 8 > Click Start Simulation. 9 Exercise 1 CAD وزارة الته ليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 [Int} {0}] 1 AA 1.5V All changes saved 非 Code Start Simulation Send To 1.5V Battery Name 1 Components Basic Search Count 1 battery Type AA Built-in Switch no 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small > micro:bit Arduino Uno R3 Vibration Motor DC Motor Micro Servo Hobby Gearmotor 153

Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 154 2024-1446 [Int} Exercise 1 {0 AA 1.5V {0 AA 1.5V AA 1.5V 1.5V Battery Name 1 All changes saved 非 < Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search 2 Count 2 batteries Type AA AA 1.5V Built-in Switch no 4 TY > 1.5V Battery Breadboard Small micro:bit Arduino Uno R3 Vibration Motor DC Motor Micro Servo Hobby Gearmotor All changes saved Code Start Simulation Send To Multimeter Components Basic Name 1 Search Mode Voltage 000 3 Diode Photoresistor > Soil Moisture Sensor Ultrasonic Distance Sensor PIR Sensor Piezo TMP 125.0 mA Temperature Multimeter Sensor TMP361

Exercise 1 m CAD Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 5 0x AA.1.5V 4K 6 Resistor Name 1 AA 1.5V All changes saved < Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search Resistance 47 > 4 LED Name 1 <--> Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch All changes saved 非 < Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search a Color Red 7 AA 1.5V AA 1.5V > <-- Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch A6 155

Exercise 1 t 8 AA 1.5V Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 156 2024-1446 4A All changes saved K7 Code Start Simulation Send To AA 1.5V AA 1.5V AA 1.5V Components 9 Basic Search > <-0000-> Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch All changes saved Simulator time: 00:00:58 Code Stop Simulation Send To 909 mV Components Basic Search -1000- Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Figure 4.27: Voltage measurement across the ends of a resistor Capacitor Slideswitch

Voltage measurement across the anode and cathode of an LED: > Select the wiring of the multimeter by using Shift and click, 1 and click Delete. 2 > Click on the Multimeter to select it, ③ and click Rotate six times. > Move the Multimeter by dragging and dropping. 5 > Wire the Multimeter across the anode and the cathode of the LED. 6 > Click Start Simulation. 7 CAD Exercise 1 2 O AA 1.5V 1 AA 1.5V وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 All changes saved 0 Code Start Simulation Send To CAD Exercise 1 Components Basic t Search lity Resistor LED Pushbutton Capacitor A6 Sideswitch AA 1.5V AA 1.5V All changes saved K7 Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search <-800-> Resistor LED > Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch 157

Exercise 1 ->> Exercise 1 5 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 158 2024-1446 a 目 AA 1.5V AA 1.5V AA 1.5V 3 AA 1.5V 4 Multimeter Name 1 000 All changes saved O C Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search Mode Voltage 1808 COM CLAS Exercise 1 > Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer AA 1.5V AA 1.5V All changes saved 非 Multimeter Name 1 Mode Voltage Code Start Simulation Send To Multimeter Components Basic Name 1 Search Mode Voltage Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch All changes saved 7 Code Start Simulation Send To Сторони Basic Search Fushburton Capacitor LED

وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 Exercise 1 Exercise 1 间 AA 1.5V 2.07 V AA 1.5V [100} AA 1.5V 6 {9 AA 1.5V All changes saved Code Start Simulation Components Basic 7 > 4A Simulator time: 00:00:02 Search Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch Send To All changes saved N 1 Code Stop Simulation Send To Components Basic Search Resistor LED > Pushbutton Potentiometer Figure 4.28: Voltage measurement across the anode and cathode of an LED Capacitor Slideswitch 159

Voltage measurement across the two terminals of a battery: > Select the wiring of the multimeter by using Shift and click, 1 and click Delete. 2 > Click on the Multimeter to select it, ③ and click Rotate three times. 4 > Move the Multimeter by dragging and dropping. 5 > Wire the Multimeter across the two terminals of the Battery. 6 > Click Start Simulation. 7 Exercise 1 2 1 AA 1.5V وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 160 2024-1446 AA 1.5V Exercise 1 AD ← 600 All changes saved 37 Code Start Simulation Send To + AA 1.5V Components Basic Search - Resistor LED AA 1.5V Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch All changes saved C Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search > Resistor LED Capacitor Slideswitch

3 Exercise 1 EP T Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 AA 1.5V 9 AA 1.5V 4 All changes saved O Code Start Simulation Send To Multimeter Componens Basic Name 1 Search Mode Voltage > 30 Exercise 1 CAD Resistor LED Pushbutton AA 1.5V AA 1.5V Multimeter All changes d C Code Start Simulation Send To Basic Name 1 Search Mode Voltage All changes saved 1 < Code Start Simulation Send To 5 Multimeter Name 1 Mode Voltage Components Basic Search AA 1.5V AA 1.5V > <-20- Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch 16 Resistor LED Сереспо 161

KE Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 162 2024-1446 {0}] 6 Exercise 1 AA 1.5V 4A All changes saved 非 <7 Code Start Simulation Send To AA 1.5V 2.98 V AA 1.5V AA 1.5V > Components 7 Basic Search Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch Simulator time: 00:00:22 All changes saved Code Stop Simulation Send To Components Basic > Search -- Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor Slideswitch Figure 4.29: Voltage measurement across the two terminals of a battery A6

Finally, we will use the multimeter as an ammeter to measure the total current of the circuit (I). Note that voltmeters and ohmmeters are connected in parallel with the component being measured. Ammeters, on the other hand, must be connected in series. To measure the current: > Select the wiring of the multimeter and the wire from the cathode of the LED to the negative pole of the battery by using Shift and click, 1 and click Delete. ② > Click on the Multimeter, 3 and from the inspector panel change its Mode to Amperage. > Wire the multimeter to measure the total current. 5 > Click Start Simulation. 6 4 Exercise 1 AD 2 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 1 AA 1.5V AA 1.5V CAD Exercise 1 All changes saved 0 K7 Code Start Simulation Send To Components Basic Search Resistor LED Pushbutton Capacitor AA 1.5V Slideswitch AA 1.5V All changes saved 0 KZ Code Start Simulation Send To Basic Search Resistor LED Pushbution Pennometer Скрест 163

Exercise 1 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 164 2024-1446 Exercise 1 3 19.3 mA AA 1.5V 画 AA 1.5V AA 1.5V AA 1.5V Simulator time: 00:00:04 Figure 4.30: Measure the current All changes saved O Code Start Simulation Send To Multimeter Components Basic Name 1 Search Mode Amperage Exercise 1 4 5 All changes saved O Code Stop Simulation Send To Compone Basic Search Pushbuton Capacitor LED > Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capacitor AA 1.5V AA 1.5V Slideswitch All changes saved O CA Code Start Simulation Send To Сотсчета Basic 6 Search Resistor LED Pushbutton Potentiometer Capector Slideswhch

Exercises 1 Read the sentences and tick ✓ True or False. 1. Pushbuttons are ordinarily used in calculators, kitchen appliances, magnetic locks, etc. 2. Using circuit simulation, we can test the functionality of a circuit without actually building the circuit. 3. In Tinkercad Circuits, you can modify a circuit without stopping the simulation. 4. After simulating a circuit, you can create it on a printed circuit board. 5. Resistors are used in heaters, toasters, kettles, electric stoves, and many more heating appliances. 6. Multimeters cannot be used to measure electrical quantities such as frequency, charge, etc. 7. Voltmeters and ohmmeters are connected in series with the component being measured. 8. Annotation is like sticky notes for your circuit. 9. The Tinkercad Circuits multimeter has the option of measuring current in Volts. 10. The main benefit of using a real breadboard is that if the components are placed incorrectly, then they can simply be moved to another location on the breadboard. وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024-1446 True False 165

2 Tinkercad Circuits has different options for the wires you can use to connect the components of your circuit. One of them is the wire below that is common for prototyping: What is the name of this wire type? Can you identify components that can be connected with this type of wire? What are the benefits of using it? وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 166 2024-1446

وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024 -1446 3 This circuit has a problem. Diagnose the problem and apply a fix. Justify the change you made to the circuit. 9V 4 Explain the meaning of the green markings on the breadboard below. I + fghij S 167

وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 168 2024-1446 5 Design the circuit of Exercise 3 in Tinkercad Circuits using different types of batteries. Tinkercad Circuits mainly provides 3 types of batteries: 9V, 3V and 1.5V. Connect your circuit up as shown and note your observations after you simulate it. This battery supplies 9 Volts This battery supplies 1.5 Volts This battery supplies 3 Volts 9V AA 1.5V ①

6 Build a circuit with four AA 1.5V batteries, an LED and a 5000 resistor. Run the simulation and observe the amount of light emitted. Can you predict what will happen if you gradually reduce the number of batteries? Run the simulation with fewer batteries and assess your prediction. Explain what is happening and why. 7 Build and simulate the following circuits with Tinkercad Circuits. Test the electronic circuits and fix any issues you may observe. Change the direction of the battery. What do you notice? www w 1009 500 وزارة التعليم Ministry of Education 2024 -1446 4.5V www 1000 6V 1000 169