The IoT devices - Internet of Things - ثاني ثانوي

Lesson 2 The IoT Devices Link to do www.len eda What is a "Thing"? The Smart Objects Things or smart objects are the building blocks of loT. They are small and low-cost computers that interact with the physical environment around them by gathering data from sensors and providing real-time interactions via actuators. Sensors and actuators transform everyday objects into intelligent objects that are able to get information from and interact with the environment in a meaningful way. The real power of smart objects in an loT solution comes from their being networked together rather than being isolated as standalone devices. Smart objects are powered by a power source like the electrical grid, a battery or are self-powered through solar or wind energy. Their power consumption is so low that sometimes a smart object can run for months or years on batteries. There is a new generation of smart objects for the human body that can be powered by the electrical current of the body. Every smart object has a communication device that sends the data collected from the sensors and receives the necessary instructions for the actuators. The communication device connects the smart object to the cloud. The unifying component is a processing unit in the form of a microcontroller. The microcontroller coordinates the sensors, the actuators and the communication device. The microcontrollers used in development or for academic purposes, such as Arduino or Raspberry Pi, are very small computers. Actual loT applications use substantially smaller microcontrollers, sometimes as small as 2 by 2 millimeters in size. One example is "smart dust," which is a wireless network of computing and sensing platforms that are no bigger than a grain of sand and can work on their own. Smart dust can sense things like light, temperature, sound, and the presence of toxins or vibrations and record and sent that information wirelessly to larger computer systems. Tiny Low Cost Computer Embedded into abjects to make them smart: Can he organized into networks. figure LB Tiny Low Cost Computer وزارة التعليم 15 - בקוע 21

22 Classifications of Smart Objects Self-powered or power-connected The object may carry its own energy source, a battery or solar panel, or is powered continuously by an external source. Self-powered objects can be very mobile but batteries restrict the object's usage period and affect data collection frequency and data transmission range. Mobile or static The smart object can be moved or has to remain always in the same place. An object can be mobile if it is attached to a bigger moving object. Low or high reporting frequency The frequency of reporting monitored parameters of the smart object can be low or high. A rust sensor on a bridge may report monthly values. A motion sensor in a car may report acceleration values hundreds of times per second. Higher reporting frequencies result in greater energy consumption, which may impose limitations on the power source. Jo O→O 040 وزارة التعليم Simple or rich data This classification is based on the amount of data collected and exchanged during each report cycle. A humidity sensor in a field can record simple daily index value, whereas an engine sensor may record hundreds of parameters, such as temperature, pressure, gas velocity, and compression speed. Data transfer rate is determined based on two factors: data classification (simple or complex), and data transmission rate (low to high). Throughput is a combined metric. A medium-throughput object may transmit simple data at a relatively high rate (in which case the flow structure appears continuous) or rich data at a relatively low rate (in which case the flow structure looks bursty); Report range The distance between the smart object and the data collector defines the report range. For a fitness band sending data to your phone, for instance, the report range is up to a few meters. In contrast, a moisture sensor embedded in a road's asphalt surface may need to communicate with an antenna located hundreds of meters or even kilometers away. Object density per cell This classification is based on the amount of smart objects with similar caramunication needs connected to the same gateway. An oil pipeline may utilize one single sensor every few miles. In contrast, astronomy telescopes use hundreds or even thousands of mirrors over a small area, each equipped with multiple gyroscopes, gravity and vibration sensors.

The Main Components of a Smart Object A smart object is a device with at least the four components listed below. The smart object may have just one sensor or one actuator, more than one sensor or more than one actuator or a combination of sensors and actuators, depending on the loT application. Processing unit Á smart object contains a processing unit for gathering data, processing and analyzing sensing information received by the sensor(s), coordinating control signals to any actuator, and operating a variety of operations, including the communication and power systems. Depending on the processing requirements of a given application, the type of processing unit employed can vary significantly. Microcontrollers are the most prevalent due to their compact size, versatility, programming ease, ubiquity, low power consumption, and low cost. Processing unit Sensors and Actuators A smart object is able to interact with the physical world via its sensors and actuators It is not necessary for a smart object to incorporate both sensors and actuators. Depending on the application, a smart object may contain one or more sensors and/or actuators: Sensor Memory Power source Power source Figure 19, Components of a smart object Actuator ليم Smart objects have components that require a power source. Interestingly, the communication unit of a smart item typically consumes the greatest amount of energy. As with the other three elements of intelligent objects, the power needs vary substantially between applications. Smart objects typically have limited power, are deployed for an extended period of time, and are difficult to access. This combination necessitates power efficiency, prudent power management, sleep modes, ultra-low power consumption hardware, etc., especially when the intelligent object relies on battery power. For long-term installations when smart items are, for all intents and purposes, unavallable, scavenging sources are typically used to provide power. 2175-1485 Communication unit Communication unit The communication unit is responsible for linking an intelligent item to other intelligent objects and the outside world (via the network). Smart object communication devices can be either wired or wireless In IoT networks, intelligent items are interconnected wirelessly for a variety of reasons, including cost, limited infrastructure availability, and ease of implementation. There are numerous communication protocols for intelligent items: 23

24 The Sensors A sensor does exactly what its name indicates: it senses. More specifically, a sensor measures a physical quantity, converts that measurement into data and passes it to be used by intelligent devices or humans. Sensors are not limited to gathering human-like sensory data. They provide a wide spectrum of measurement data with greater precision than human senses. Sensors can be embedded in any physical object and connected to the Internet by wired or wireless networks. A modern car has an impressive collection of sensors that provides an immense amount of data that can be consumed by intelligent systems as well as shared with other vehicles on the road. The driver can check and control everything in the car with sensors of all types, like water and oil temperature, location, tire pressure, and velocity, that provide relevant data to improve safety and vehicle maintenance. Sensor-a collecting and sending data from a plani por to aulut system Figure 1.10 Ases 曲 Figure 1 Sunsors of ammdum car Classification of Sensors Active or passive Sensors can be classified based on whether they require an external power source to operate, and transmit and detect the energy at the same time (active) or do no require any external power source and do not transmit the energy but only detect it (passive). Invasive or non-invasive Sensors can be a part of the environment they are measuring (invasive) or be an external component (non-invasive). Contact or no-contact Sensors may require physical contact with the object being measured (contact) or not (no-contact). Absolute or relative 0-11:01. Sensors can gather data on an absolute scale or relative وزارة الصليم to a reference value. Area of application Sensors can be categorized according to the specific Industry in which they are utilized.

Table 1.3: Sensor types with examples Type <td> Position Description A position sensor measures the position of an object: the measurement can be in absolute or relative terms. There are three types of position sensors linear, angular, and multi-axis. Examples Potentiometer, inclinometer, proximity sensor Occupancy and motion In a surveillance area, occupancy sensors detect the presence of people and animal, while motion sensors detect the movement of people and objects. In contrast to monien semors, nccupancy sensors generate a signal even when a purson is (motive Electric eye radar Velocity and acceleration Velocity sensors may be linear or angular, indicating how quickly an object moves in a straight line or how quickly it rotates. Acceleration sensors measure velocity changes. Accelerometer, Gyroscope Home sensors determine if a physical force applied Force Pressure db لوزارة التعليم J173-1485 Flow Force gauge. viscometer touch serpor Similar to force sensors, pressure sensors measure the force exerted by liquids or gases. Barometer, plezometer Flow sensors detect the fluid flow rate. Anemometer, mass flow senson water meter

26 Туре Acoustic Humidity Light Description Examples Acoustic sensors measure sound levels in the environment Microphone, geophone, hydrophone Humidity sensors measure the amount of humidity In the air or a in mass Hverometer humidity sensor soil moisture senser Light sensors are capable of detecting the presence of light. Infrared sensor, photodetector, flame detector Radiation sensors delect environmental radiation Radiation Temperature Chemical Basensor ة العليم כקוע Gelger-Müller counter, neutron delector Temperature sensors quantify the amount of heal er cold within a system Contact temperature sensors must be in physical contact with the target object Non-contact temperature sensers measure temperature from a distance. Thermometer, calorimeter temperature gauge Chemical sensors determine the chemical concentration within a system. Breathalyzer smoke detector Biosensors can detect biological properties in living organisms. Blood glucose blosensor, pulse oximetry, electrocardiograph

The Actuators Actuators are the complement of sensors. Actuators, receive a control signal, most commonly an electrical signal or digital command that triggers a physical effect in the system. Sense Real World Physical Environment Sensors Useful work Figure 112 Sensor and outstan >Measure Digital Representation Electrical Signal Act Human Analogy Humans use their five senses to sense and measure their environment. The sensory organs convert this information into electrical pulses that the nervous system sends to the brain for processing. Likewise, loT sensors are devices that sense and measure the physical world and send their measurements as electrical signals to a microprocessor or microcontroller for additional processing. The human brain signals motor function and movement, and the nervous system carries that information to the appropriate part of the muscular system. Correspondingly, a processor can send an electrical signal to an actuator that converts the signal into physical action and has a measurable impact on its environment. This interaction between sensors, actuators, and processors and the similar functionality in biological systems is the basis for the fields of robotics and biometrics. Human senses مبارة التعليم 2127-1985 Sensors Signals Human brain Signals Processing unit Figure 1-13: Human analogy 27

28 Ο Classification of Actuators Type of motion Actuators can be categorized according to the type of motion they produce. Examples: Linear, rotary, one/two/three-axes Force Output Actuators can be categorized according to the force exerted. Examples: High power, low power, micro power Output type Actuators can be classified according to the number of stable-state outputs. Examples: Binary, continuous Area of application Actuators can be categorized according to the specific industry in which they are used. Examples: Manufacturing, automotive, medicine Type of energy Actuators can be categorized based on the type of energy they utilize. Examples: Electrical, chemical, kinetic Figure 1.14 Tiny actu for machum movement J-116 Figure 1 15 Hvoraulic actuator (piston) system on heavy machinery

Table 1.4: Actuator types with examples Actuator type Mechanical actuator Examples Lever, screw Jack, hand crank Thyristor, bipolar transistor, diode Dlectrical actuator AC motor, DC motor, step motor Electromechanical actuator Electromagnetic actuator Electromagnet, linear solenoid Hydraulic and pneumatic actuator Hydraulic cylinder, pneumatic cylinder, piston, pressure control valve Thermal and magnetic actuators Magnetorestrictive material, bimetallic strip, piezoelectric Dimorph Electrostatic motor, microvalve, comb drive Microactuators and nanoactuators: وزارة التعليم 2123-15 29

Exercises 1 Read the sentences and tick ✔True or False. 1. Smart objects are very complex electronic devices that require large amounts of processing power 2. Smart objects are powered exclusively by renewable energy sources. 3. Smart objects can send data through a wide variety of communication frequencies 4. The processing unit sends the collected sensor data to external services on the Internet. उत 5. Velocity sensors can detect the presence of an object in an environment. 6. Radiation sensors can detect thermal readings in an environment. True False 7. The relationship between a processing unit and an actuator resembles the relationship between the human senses and the brain. 8. Actuators can take as input only discrete data. 9. Actuators can take Input from sensors directly, without the need for external data services. وزارة التعليم NO B

2 Describe the main components of a smart object. 3 Analyze which types of applications would require self-powered sensors and which would require power-connected sensors. Present your ideas below. 4 Different loT applications require different types of smart objects. List the features that categorize smart objects. وزارة التعليم 1445

5 Select three sensor types that are important for environment measurements and discuss their usage. 6 Consider how the study of the communication between the various systems of the human body could help engineers build better interconnected systems for loT solutions. حرارة التعليم 121-1445

7 Distinguish which types of actuators might be more commonly found in robotics applications. 8 Consider which actuator types require more complex data to accomplish their required tasks. Briefly explain why. رارة التعليم